However, the mechanisms that relate to hearing loss and cognitive decline are complex and still under research ( Yue et al., 2021). Moreover, ARHL has been associated with social isolation and depression, and it has been recognized as a modifiable risk factor for dementia ( Livingston et al., 2017, 2020). As these functions deteriorate with aging ( Quaranta et al., 2014 Atcherson et al., 2015), individuals develop communication deficits that can be attributed to presbycusis and cognitive decline. Oral communication relies on a series of neural mechanisms involving hearing and cognitive functions ( Ruggles et al., 2011 Pienkowski, 2017). Presbycusis is produced by neurodegenerative processes of peripheral and central auditory structures ( Gates and Mills, 2005), which, at the clinical level, is characterized by bilateral high-frequency hearing loss and deteriorated speech intelligibility ( Van Eyken et al., 2007). In unaided presbycusis with mild hearing loss (<40 dB HL), speech perception of monosyllabic words in background noise is associated with hearing levels, while cognition is associated with dichotic listening and FP.Īge-related hearing loss (ARHL), or presbycusis, affects one of every three persons aged more than 65 years, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of ∼430 million people ( World Health Organisation, 2021). We concluded that the comprehension of the auditory message in unaided presbycusis is a complex process that relies on audition and cognition. We found significant models showing that hearing loss is associated with bilateral SIN performance, while dichotic listening was associated with cognition. These four factors were used for generalized multiple linear regression models. We performed an exploratory factor analysis that yielded four composite factors, namely, hearing loss, auditory nerve, midbrain, and cognition. The neuropsychological evaluations included attention, memory, language, processing speed, executive function, and visuospatial abilities. The AP assessment included speech perception in noise (SIN), dichotic listening (dichotic digits and staggered spondaic words), and temporal processing. Specifically, we explored associations between bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, suprathreshold auditory brain stem responses, auditory processing (AP), and cognition with a comprehensive neuropsychological examination. We performed a cross-sectional study in 116 non-demented Chilean volunteers aged ≥65 years from the Auditory and Dementia study cohort. As the majority of the previous studies on audition and cognition obtained their results from a mixed sample of subjects, including presbycusis individuals fitted and not fitted with hearing aids, here, we revisited the associations between hearing loss and cognition in a controlled sample of unaided presbycusis. Importantly, recent studies show that the use of hearing aids in presbycusis, which is its standard management, can induce neuroplasticity and modify performance in cognitive tests. However, the mechanisms that relate hearing loss with cognition are complex and still elusive. Presbycusis or age-related hearing loss is a prevalent condition in the elderly population, which affects oral communication, especially in background noise, and has been associated with social isolation, depression, and cognitive decline. 8Centro Avanzado de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, AC3E, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.7Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.6Facultad de Medicina, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.5Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.4Departamento de Biología y Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.3Centro Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial CENIA, Santiago, Chile.2Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile.1Departamento Otorrinolaringología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.Moreno-Gómez 4 Alexis Leiva 5,6 Simón San Martin 5,6 Chama Belkhiria 5,6 Bruno Marcenaro 5,6 Carolina Delgado 5,7 Paul H.
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